STATISTICAL NATURE OF STRENGTH AND SCALE EFFECT IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS

Volume 13 (1), February 2023, Pages 141-149

Rafail Mehdiev1, Gulshad Agayeva2


1Associate Professor, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University. Research institute "Geotechnological problems of oil, gas and chemistry". Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Azerbaijan. Email id: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.

2Teacher, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Azerbaijan. Research institute "Geotechnological problems of oil, gas and chemistry ".  Email id: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.


 ABSTRACT

 The theories and concepts of strength considered above are based on the model of a body either as a homogeneous structureless medium, or as a material having a structure, but uniform throughout its volume. Rocks are obviously not such bodies. They are composed of mineral grains of different properties, contain macrodefects in the form of pores and various inclusions, as well as objects of various aggregate states (gases, liquids). Under these conditions, deterministic theories of strength turn out to be clearly untenable.

In particular, the use of the classical theory of Griffith cracks is complicated by the following circumstance. Since the rock is an aggregate of mineral grains, a microcrack developing inside the grain inevitably reaches its boundary and, consequently, the radius r of the crack mouth increases abruptly. Therefore, for the transition of a crack to another grain and its further development, a stress greater than that follows from Griffith's theory is required. Thus, there is some "barrier" stress, at which only the development of a crack in a real rock is possible. In addition, the development of cracks in the rock occurs mainly along the contact of mineral grains, i.e., along the cementing material, often of a clay composition. For such a material, the theory of brittle fracture is applicable.

The destruction of the rock (from the standpoint of any theory of strength) is determined by the stresses acting in it. But due to the heterogeneous structure of the rocks, the local stress concentration centers are randomly distributed in its volume. Therefore, the strength and destruction of rocks must be considered from a statistical standpoint. This approach is justified for most other materials used by humans. The idea of the statistical nature of strength was first put forward in scientific terms by A.P. Aleksandrov and N.S. Zhurkov in 1933.

Keywords: rock strength, constant material, scale effect, rocks, destruction probability, fractured, robustness theory, microcrack, mineral, experience constant, density of defects, displacement, compression.


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IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF OIL PREPARATION AND REFINING PROCESSES

Volume 13 (1), February 2023, Pages 128-140

Natig Abbasov1, Ramin Aghayev2


1Assistant, "Industrial machinery" Department, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Candidate of technical sciences, Azerbaijan. Email id: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.

2Magistr, "Industrial machinery" Department, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, (Azerbaijan).Email id: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.


 ABSTRACT

 The main technologies of preparation, transportation of oil and processing of various petroleum raw materials are considered from the point of view of ways of their improvement, energy saving, efficiency improvement due to the preparation of raw materials, optimization of flow heat recovery schemes, improvement of hardware design, etc.

Today, the issue of improving the environmental and economic components in the petrochemical industry is acute. In oil fields, special attention should be paid to improving the efficiency of oil treatment.

It is necessary to maximize the use of available reserves, to reduce the losses of petroleum products that may occur during the extraction, processing and transportation of oil.

Statistics show that up to 9% of the total mass of petroleum products is lost per year during delivery to the consumer, pumping of the substance and processing of crude oil.

The substance is reduced as a result of evaporation, while not only the mass is lost, but also important components of the substance, which are raw materials for petrochemical industries.

During fuel processing, losses of light hydrocarbons are observed, they occur during various kinds of discharge operations, as well as during permanent storage of oil in one position. To optimize the processes of the oil refining industry, it is necessary to ensure less loss of substance in operation.

Increasing the efficiency of the use of oil in the process of its processing is necessary, as this will allow selecting the best oil products.

Efficiency can be improved by replacing old equipment with new ones or by overhauling old installations. However, at the moment, the replacement of equipment at all enterprises is simply impossible due to the lack of working capital.

Keywords: modernization, energy carriers, heat exchange, recovery, energy efficiency, technologies, reactors, furnaces, heat exchangers.


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DATA CLEANING BEFORE UPLOADING TO STORAGE

Volume 13 (1), February 2023, Pages 117-127

Elvin Jafarov


PhD student on Systematic analysis, management and information processing specialization, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University. Email id: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0288-4618


 ABSTRACT

 The article considered the issue of cleaning big data before uploading it to storage. At this time, the errors made and the methods of eliminating these errors have been clarified.

The technology of creating a big data storage and analysis system is reviewed, as well as solutions for the implementation of the first stages of the Data Science process: data acquisition, cleaning and loading are described. The results of the research allow us to move towards the realization of future steps in the field of big data processing.

It was noted that Data cleansing is an essential step in working with big data, as any analysis based on inaccurate data can lead to erroneous results.

Also, it was noted that cleaning and consolidation of data can also be performed when the data is loaded into a distributed file system.

The methods of uploading data to the storage system have been tested. An assembly from Hortonworks was used as the implementation. The easiest way to upload is to use the web interface of the Ambari system or to use HDFS commands to upload to HDFS Hadoop from the local system.

It has been shown that the ETL process should be considered more broadly than just importing data from receivers, minimal transformations and loading procedures into the warehouse. Data cleaning should become a mandatory stage of work, because the cost of storage is determined not only by the amount of data, but also by the quality of the information collected.  

Keywords: Big Data, Data Cleaning, Storage System, ETL process, Loading methods.


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DYNAMICS OF DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID HOUSEHOLD WASTE IN THE PRESENCE OF SULFURIC ACID

Volume 13 (1), February 2023, Pages 99-108

Sattar Ibragimov1, Rana Jamalova2, Khoshqadam Yusifova3


1Director of “İntellectual property management center”Azerbaijan state Oil and Industry University, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor;

E-mail: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7298-952X

2Senior laboratory assistant, dissertation candidate of Sciences in the specialty "Chemical technology and engineering"; Azerbaijan state Oil and Industry University.

E-mail: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-7536

3 Junior researcher of Republican Seismic Survey Center of ANAS, dissertation candidate of Sciences in the specialty "Ecology (in the field of science)”

E-mail: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-79525


ABSTRACT

The article is devoted to the development of technology for obtaining organic-mineral fertilizers and chemical meliorants on the basis of solid waste (SW). The presented article mainly describes the physico-chemical basis of decomposition of solid waste with solutions of different percentages of sulfuric acid, which is the first stage of the study. The purpose of the research is to study the physico-chemical basis of decomposition of solid waste depending on the concentration of sulfuric acid solution, its initial temperature, time and intensity of mixing during the development of technology for obtaining organic-mineral fertilizers and ameliorative substances.

During the study, the concentration of sulfuric acid solution from 5% to 70, decomposition dynamics of samples within 36-80 minutes, It was studied under mixing conditions at an intensity of 40 per/min to 180 per/min. It was established that each factor has a great influence on the percentage of decomposition of solid household waste, therefore, the optimal parameters for each factor were determined and clarified as a result of experimental experiments.

As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that solid waste from the point of view of the richness of macro-and microelements contained in it is a fully usable raw material for fertilizer production, it has been observed that the extraction of food-repellent elements from the composition of solid household waste with 10-20% sulfuric acid solution is appropriate and in this case, along with the decomposition, the process of neutralization of microorganisms in it takes place. 40-600C optimum temperature of technological process for transition of moisture-repellent elements into solution, it has been proved that the concentration of acid solution is between 10-20% and the mixing intensity is 60-140  per/min., in the end, it is recommended to enrich the composition of the obtained fertilizer with nutritive substances after the completion of the technological process in order to improve the quality of the composition of the obtained liquid fertilizer.

As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that during the decomposition of solid waste in the presence of weak acid solutions, about 80-85% of the nutrient elements contained in it can be extracted and used in fertilizer production.

Keywords: fertilizer, solid waste, sulfuric acid, ameliorant, salinity, salinization.


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STUDY OF GAS-LIFT VALVE OPERATION

Volume 13 (1), February 2023, Pages 109-116

Lala Hajiyeva1, Nijat Ahmadov2


1Docent, "Industrial machinery" Department, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, PhD in technology, Azerbaijan. Email id: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.

2Master, "Industrial machinery" Department, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Azerbaijan. Email id: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.


 ABSTRACT

 Gas lifts are versatile, dependable lifting systems that provide numerous options. This article discusses typical problems with gas lift valves used in geotechnical applications. What could result in such operational and well-related flaws. A closed system powered by high pressure gas is a gas lift system. Gas lifts are frequently adaptable, dependable lift systems with a variety of manufacturing options. For all operations, adding gas from an outside source lowers the fluid pressure level, which forces more fluid to be kept in conditions with high water retention. Excellent product quality, changeable gas lift complex, and lift depth. Where possible, involuntary injection gas tensions and volumes are extremely rare and can support various synthetic buoyancy types. By lowering the fluid's pressure stages with the use of an extraterrestrial gas penthouse, more fluid may be stored in the Force as the descent goes on. As you alter the parameters, consider how other elements alter. The behavior of gas lift valves is predicted using a variety of techniques. These techniques additionally consider additional factors. The Thornhill-Craver equation is the formula most frequently used to forecast the performance of throttle valves. The interpretation of gas lift taps is overestimated by the Thornhill-Craver equation, particularly for big ports, according to Gerberding and Acuna. Gas lifts are not appropriate for combined liquids, supersaturated Neptune, or thick, abrasive paintings. , which focuses on how to increase the performance of weak gas lift taps, highlighting the necessity of their complicated design, does not function well for grabbing old wells or extending inflow lines with external internal compasses.

Keywords: Gas liquid Ratio (GLR), Fluid, Pressure, Gas Lift Valves (GLVs), Injection Gas, Bottom Hole Pressures (BHPs)., Continuous Flow, Intermittent Flow.


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SUBMERGED ARC WELDING AND MELTING TECHNOLOGY

Volume 13 (1), February 2023, Pages 92-98

Rustam Abaszada


Offshore piping design engineer, Piping engineering, SOCAR-KBR LLC. Magistrate in increasing stability and repairing pieces of equipment, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University. Email id: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.


 ABSTRACT

 The article dedicated  "Submerged arc welding and meltıng technology" method, which is one of the technologies for repairing friction-worn parts of oil and gas equipment.

The efficiency, technological regime,advantages of the process are noted, and it is also shown that this method is used today in the oil industry and shipbuilding.

With these methods, the repairing of a part of the pieces corroded by friction, as well as the possibility of welding steel plates of different grades and thicknesses, was reflected.

In determining welding procedures for certain applications, the welding engineer must first take into account the specific welding qualities required, since in practice, although some factors can be determined quite accurately, others change during manufacturing process.

Arc voltage, electrode selection, welding speed are important considerations in determining operating mode, and the penetration caused by high voltage combined with low speed is indicated accordingly.

The supply of agent (glycerin) to the recently created attachment zone is indicated. It reduces the thermal impact of the cooling arc on the half and will increase the cooling rate of the deposited and metal, decreasing the deformation and self-heating of the adjacent elements of the half. Besides, the liquid serves to safeguard the liquid metal from the harmful effects of chemical element and gas.

Keywords: overheating, vibration, crack, arc voltage, welding defects, welding speed, technical glycerin, soda ash.


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